三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報道
精彩| 西??(xi)周?(zhou)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的??(de)建??(jian)立??(li)??，通??(tong)過??(guo)對??(dui)四??(si)土??(tu)、四??(si)方??(fang)持??(chi)續(xù)??(xu)大??(da)規(guī)??(gui)模??(mo)的??(de)軍??(jun)事??(shi)征??(zheng)服??(fu)以??(yi)及??(ji)在?(zai)此??(ci)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)的??(de)大??(da)批??(pi)封?(feng)建??(jian)??，開??(kai)拓??(tuo)出??(chu)了??(le)空??(kong)前??(qian)廣??(guang)袤??(mao)的??(de)疆??(jiang)域?(yu)??。?特??(te)別??(bie)是??(shi)對??(dui)燕??(yan)、齊??(qi)、魯??(lu)、晉??(jin)、吳?(wu)等??(deng)諸??(zhu)侯?(hou)國??(guo)的??(de)封??(feng)建??(jian)??，具??(ju)有??(you)重??(zhong)要??(yao)的?(de)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)略??(lve)意??(yi)義??(yi)和??(he)長??(chang)遠??(yuan)眼??(yan)光??(guang)??。周??(zhou)人??(ren)在??(zai)西??(xi)土?(tu)的??(de)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)??，大??(da)體??(ti)上??(shang)控?(kong)制??(zhi)了??(le)北??(bei)自??(zi)燕??(yan)山?(shan)以??(yi)南??(nan)??，東??(dong)部?(bu)濱??(bin)海??(hai)??，南??(nan)至??(zhi)江?(jiang)淮??(huai)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)的??(de)大??(da)片??(pian)國??(guo)土??(tu)??，從??(cong)而??(er)初??(chu)步?(bu)奠??(dian)定??(ding)了??(le)中??(zhong)國??(guo)古??(gu)代??(dai)統(tǒng)??(tong)一??(yi)的??(de)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)王?(wang)朝??(chao)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)的??(de)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)??。王??(wang)國??(guo)維?(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)稱??(cheng)“中??(zhong)國?(guo)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)與??(yu)文??(wen)化??(hua)之??(zhi)變??(bian)革??(ge)??，莫??(mo)劇??(ju)于??(yu)殷??(yin)周??(zhou)之??(zhi)際??(ji)??。”通??(tong)過??(guo)政?(zheng)治??(zhi)的??(de)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)的??(de)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟??(ji)的??(de)、文??(wen)化??(hua)的?(de)影??(ying)響??(xiang)??，周??(zhou)人?(ren)牢??(lao)牢??(lao)地??(di)控?(kong)制??(zhi)了?(le)千??(qian)里?(li)邦??(bang)畿??(ji)和??(he)遼??(liao)闊??(kuo)的??(de)四??(si)土??(tu)、四??(si)方??(fang)??，并??(bing)在??(zai)此??(ci)背??(bei)景??(jing)下??(xia)??，初??(chu)步??(bu)孕??(yun)育?(yu)了??(le)“溥??(pu)天??(tian)之??(zhi)下?(xia)??，莫??(mo)非??(fei)王??(wang)土?(tu)??，率??(lv)土??(tu)之??(zhi)濱??(bin)??，莫??(mo)非??(fei)王??(wang)臣?(chen)”的??(de)朦??(meng)朧??(long)的??(de)天??(tian)下??(xia)一?(yi)統(tǒng)??(tong)觀??(guan)念??(nian)??。在??(zai)周??(zhou)人?(ren)對??(dui)千??(qian)里??(li)邦??(bang)畿??(ji)和??(he)四??(si)土??(tu)、四?(si)方??(fang)有??(you)效?(xiao)行??(xing)使??(shi)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟?(ji)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)等??(deng)國??(guo)家??(jia)主??(zhu)權(quán)??(quan)的??(de)同?(tong)時??(shi)??，以??(yi)夏??(xia)、商??(shang)、周??(zhou)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)族??(zu)群??(qun)在??(zai)與?(yu)周?(zhou)邊??(bian)各??(ge)族?(zu)頻?(pin)繁??(fan)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)、經(jīng)??(jing)濟??(ji)往??(wang)來??(lai)和??(he)文??(wen)化??(hua)交??(jiao)流??(liu)過??(guo)程??(cheng)中??(zhong)??，以??(yi)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)地??(di)區(qū)?(qu)所??(suo)在??(zai)的??(de)黃??(huang)河??(he)中??(zhong)下??(xia)游??(you)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)為??(wei)舞??(wu)臺??(tai)??，滲?(shen)透??(tou)混??(hun)融??(rong)??，增??(zeng)殖??(zhi)裂??(lie)變??(bian)??，民??(min)族??(zu)融??(rong)合??(he)空??(kong)前??(qian)加??(jia)速?(su)??，為??(wei)漢??(han)民?(min)族??(zu)的??(de)前??(qian)身??(shen)??，華??(hua)夏??(xia)民??(min)族??(zu)的??(de)形??(xing)成??(cheng)奠??(dian)定??(ding)了??(le)堅??(jian)實??(shi)的??(de)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)??。周??(zhou)初?(chu)政?(zheng)治?(zhi)家??(jia)在??(zai)對??(dui)四??(si)土?(tu)、四??(si)方??(fang)進??(jin)行??(xing)控??(kong)制??(zhi)和??(he)管??(guan)理??(li)的??(de)過??(guo)程??(cheng)中??(zhong)??，不??(bu)斷??(duan)汲??(ji)取??(qu)歷??(li)史??(shi)經(jīng)??(jing)驗??(yan)教??(jiao)訓(xùn)??(xun)??，“明??(ming)德??(de)慎??(shen)罰??(fa)”??，建??(jian)立?(li)起??(qi)維?(wei)護??(hu)西??(xi)周??(zhou)時??(shi)期??(qi)各??(ge)級?(ji)等??(deng)級??(ji)秩??(zhi)序??(xu)的??(de)禮??(li)樂??(le)制??(zhi)度??(du)??。周??(zhou)人??(ren)積??(ji)極??(ji)倡??(chang)導(dǎo)??(dao)并??(bing)長??(chang)期??(qi)實??(shi)踐??(jian)的??(de)“德??(de)”的??(de)觀??(guan)念??(nian)及??(ji)影??(ying)響??(xiang)周??(zhou)人??(ren)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、軍??(jun)事?(shi)、文??(wen)化??(hua)等?(deng)方??(fang)方??(fang)面??(mian)面??(mian)的??(de)禮??(li)樂??(le)文??(wen)明??(ming)??，構(gòu)??(gou)成??(cheng)孔?(kong)子??(zi)仁??(ren)禮??(li)學(xué)??(xue)說??(shuo)的??(de)重??(zhong)要??(yao)源??(yuan)頭??(tou)??，并??(bing)匯??(hui)入??(ru)數(shù)??(shu)千??(qian)年?(nian)來??(lai)中??(zhong)國?(guo)傳??(chuan)統(tǒng)??(tong)文??(wen)化?(hua)的??(de)主??(zhu)干?(gan)??，成?(cheng)為??(wei)中??(zhong)華??(hua)民??(min)族?(zu)生??(sheng)生??(sheng)不??(bu)息??(xi)、發(fā)??(fa)展?(zhan)壯??(zhuang)大??(da)的??(de)豐?(feng)厚??(hou)滋??(zi)養(yǎng)??(yang)??，支??(zhi)撐??(cheng)著??(zhe)中??(zhong)華??(hua)民??(min)族??(zu)生??(sheng)生??(sheng)不??(bu)息??(xi)??，薪??(xin)火??(huo)相??(xiang)傳??(chuan)??。綜??(zong)上??(shang)可??(ke)知??(zhi)??，西??(xi)周??(zhou)王??(wang)朝?(chao)才??(cai)可??(ke)以??(yi)稱??(cheng)得??(de)上??(shang)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學(xué)??(xue)、民?(min)族??(zu)學(xué)??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)和??(he)文??(wen)化??(hua)中??(zhong)國??(guo)意??(yi)義??(yi)上??(shang)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”???！ W(xué)??(xue)術(shù)??(shu)界??(jie)對??(dui)中??(zhong)國??(guo)文??(wen)明??(ming)起??(qi)源??(yuan)和??(he)早??(zao)期??(qi)發(fā)?(fa)展??(zhan)的??(de)研?(yan)究?(jiu)??，由??(you)來??(lai)已?(yi)久??(jiu)?。??近??(jin)年??(nian)來??(lai)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)提??(ti)出??(chu)了??(le)進??(jin)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)社??(she)會??(hui)的??(de)新??(xin)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)??，即??(ji)生??(sheng)產(chǎn)??(chan)發(fā)??(fa)展??(zhan)??，人??(ren)口??(kou)增??(zeng)加??(jia)??，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)城??(cheng)市??(shi)；社??(she)會??(hui)分??(fen)工??(gong)??，階?(jie)層??(ceng)分??(fen)化??(hua)??，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)階??(jie)級??(ji)；權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)不??(bu)斷??(duan)強??(qiang)化?(hua)??，出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)和??(he)國??(guo)家??(jia)?。盡??(jin)管??(guan)迄??(qi)今??(jin)中?(zhong)國??(guo)學(xué)??(xue)術(shù)?(shu)界??(jie)尚??(shang)未??(wei)有??(you)對??(dui)文?(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)志??(zhi)一??(yi)致??(zhi)的??(de)答??(da)案??(an)??，但??(dan)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)們??(men)幾??(ji)乎??(hu)異??(yi)口??(kou)同??(tong)聲??(sheng)地??(di)贊??(zan)同??(tong)馬??(ma)克??(ke)思??(si)主??(zhu)義??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)典??(dian)作??(zuo)家??(jia)“國??(guo)家??(jia)是??(shi)文??(wen)明??(ming)社??(she)會??(hui)的??(de)概??(gai)括??(kuo)”的??(de)論??(lun)斷??(duan)??，認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)國?(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)是??(shi)文??(wen)明??(ming)形??(xing)成??(cheng)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)志??(zhi)?。既??(ji)然??(ran)如??(ru)此??(ci)??，黃?(huang)帝??(di)及?(ji)其??(qi)部??(bu)落??(luo)的??(de)誕??(dan)生??(sheng)??，或??(huo)公??(gong)元??(yuan)前??(qian)4000年??(nian)左?(zuo)右祝(you)的?(de)廟??(miao)底?(di)溝??(gou)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，正??(zheng)處??(chu)于??(yu)人??(ren)類??(lei)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)氏??(shi)族??(zu)部??(bu)落??(luo)階?(jie)段??(duan)??，或??(huo)者??(zhe)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)所??(suo)說?(shuo)的??(de)新??(xin)石??(shi)器??(qi)時??(shi)代??(dai)早??(zao)中??(zhong)期??(qi)??，或??(huo)即??(ji)蘇??(su)秉??(bing)琦?(qi)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)“古??(gu)國??(guo)”時??(shi)代??(dai)或??(huo)滿??(man)天??(tian)星??(xing)斗??(dou)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，既??(ji)然??(ran)該??(gai)階??(jie)段?(duan)尚??(shang)未??(wei)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史?(shi)上?(shang)嚴(yán)?(yan)格??(ge)意??(yi)義??(yi)上??(shang)的?(de)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，尚??(shang)未??(wei)步??(bu)入??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)、歷??(li)史??(shi)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)文??(wen)明??(ming)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，無??(wu)論??(lun)任??(ren)何?(he)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)圈??(quan)或??(huo)文??(wen)化??(hua)相??(xiang)互??(hu)作??(zuo)用??(yong)圈??(quan)??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)都??(dou)不??(bu)能??(neng)稱??(cheng)為??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”?。
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