三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報(bào)道
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迄??(qi)今??(jin)為??(wei)止??(zhi)??，河??(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)在??(zai)中??(zhong)華??(hua)文??(wen)明??(ming)形??(xing)成??(cheng)和??(he)早??(zao)期?(qi)發(fā)??(fa)展??(zhan)過(guò)??(guo)程??(cheng)中??(zhong)具??(ju)有??(you)極?(ji)其??(qi)重??(zhong)要??(yao)的??(de)地??(di)位??(wei)??，發(fā)??(fa)揮??(hui)著??(zhe)其??(qi)他??(ta)區(qū)??(qu)域??(yu)無(wú)??(wu)可??(ke)替?(ti)代??(dai)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)作??(zuo)用??(yong)??，已??(yi)基?(ji)本??(ben)上??(shang)成??(cheng)為??(wei)目??(mu)前??(qian)歷?(li)史??(shi)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)、考??(kao)古?(gu)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)絕??(jue)大??(da)多??(duo)數(shù)??(shu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)的??(de)共??(gong)識(shí)??(shi)??。??考??(kao)古?(gu)資??(zi)料??(liao)表??(biao)明??(ming)??，迄??(qi)龍??(long)山??(shan)時(shí)?(shi)期??(qi)??，中??(zhong)原??(yuan)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)已??(yi)逐??(zhu)步??(bu)成??(cheng)為??(wei)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)史??(shi)前??(qian)文??(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)區(qū)??(qu)??。在??(zai)中??(zhong)華??(hua)文??(wen)明??(ming)從??(cong)多??(duo)元??(yuan)起??(qi)源??(yuan)向??(xiang)一?(yi)體??(ti)演??(yan)進(jìn)??(jin)過(guò)??(guo)程??(cheng)中??(zhong)??，中??(zhong)原??(yuan)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)日?(ri)漸??(jian)發(fā)??(fa)揮??(hui)著?(zhe)在??(zai)中??(zhong)華??(hua)文??(wen)明??(ming)中??(zhong)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)作??(zuo)用??(yong)??，并??(bing)由??(you)此??(ci)推?(tui)動(dòng)??(dong)了??(le)中??(zhong)華??(hua)文??(wen)明??(ming)逐??(zhu)步??(bu)形??(xing)成?(cheng)一??(yi)體?(ti)化??(hua)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)和??(he)整??(zheng)體??(ti)統(tǒng)??(tong)一??(yi)性??(xing)特??(te)點(diǎn)??(dian)???！ ∠??(xia)商??(shang)是??(shi)我??(wo)國(guó)??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)最??(zui)早??(zao)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的??(de)??，有?(you)別??(bie)于??(yu)酋??(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國(guó)??(guo)的??(de)兩??(liang)個(gè)?(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)??。??夏??(xia)商?(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)已?(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步??(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明?(ming)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)??，是??(shi)無(wú)??(wu)可??(ke)爭(zhēng)??(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)??。然??(ran)而??(er)??，在??(zai)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來(lái)?(lai)的?(de)夏??(xia)商??(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政??(zheng)體??(ti)制??(zhi)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)??，文??(wen)獻(xiàn)??(xian)和??(he)卜??(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱??(cheng)作??(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑??(yi)商??(shang)???！渡??(shang)書(shū)??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓??(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率?(lv)遏??(e)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)割??(ge)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)???！薄妒??(shi)記??(ji)·殷??(yin)本??(ben)紀(jì)??(ji)》則??(ze)說(shuō)??(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)奪??(duo)夏??(xia)國(guó)??(guo)???！痹??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)心?(xin)目??(mu)中??(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦??(yi)即??(ji)夏??(xia)國(guó)??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國(guó)??(guo)語(yǔ)??(yu)·周??(zhou)語(yǔ)??(yu)上??(shang)》說(shuō)??(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭?(jie)而??(er)夏??(xia)亡??(wang)???！毕??(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常??(chang)處?(chu)于??(yu)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政??(zheng)治??(zhi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)遷??(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)??。張?(zhang)衡??(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦?(fu)》說(shuō)??(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷??(qian)??，前??(qian)八??(ba)后??(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常?(chang)厥??(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書(shū)??(shu)·盤(pán)??(pan)庚??(geng)》篇??(pian)也?(ye)謂??(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于??(yu)今??(jin)五??(wu)邦??(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來(lái)?(lai)??，商??(shang)邑??(yi)就??(jiu)等??(deng)同??(tong)于??(yu)商??(shang)邦??(bang)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)武?(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂??(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野?(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)攻??(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都?(dou)而??(er)商??(shang)朝??(chao)滅??(mie)亡??(wang)??。正??(zheng)因??(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商??(shang)國(guó)??(guo)家?(jia)的??(de)制??(zhi)度??(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃??(nong)厚??(hou)的?(de)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘??(can)余??(yu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)夏??(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)?(shi)期??(qi)的??(de)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)?(tai)和??(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈??(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯??(xian)的??(de)原?(yuan)始??(shi)性?(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性??(xing)??。由??(you)于??(yu)地??(di)廣??(guang)人?(ren)稀??(xi)??，國(guó)?(guo)土??(tu)狹??(xia)小??(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王?(wang)仍??(reng)只?(zhi)是??(shi)王??(wang)國(guó)??(guo)維??(wei)先?(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說(shuō)??(shuo)的??(de)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之?(zhi)長(zhǎng)??(chang)??，而?(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)君??(jun)??。夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)對(duì)??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下??(xia)方??(fang)國(guó)??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行??(xing)使??(shi)的??(de)權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)非??(fei)常??(chang)有??(you)限?(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定?(ding)??。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)文??(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類(lèi)??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)類(lèi)??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以??(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)夏??(xia)王??(wang)國(guó)?(guo)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存??(cun)??。東??(dong)下??(xia)馮??(feng)、楊?(yang)莊??(zhuang)、下??(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和?(he)牛??(niu)角??(jiao)崗??(gang)類(lèi)??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)文??(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的??(de)共??(gong)同??(tong)體??(ti)??，但??(dan)地??(di)方??(fang)類(lèi)??(lei)型??(xing)和??(he)核??(he)心??(xin)類(lèi)??(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政?(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)??(guan)系?(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊?(jin)密??(mi)到??(dao)什??(shen)么?(me)程??(cheng)度??(du)??，我??(wo)們??(men)無(wú)??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)??。顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，夏??(xia)商??(shang)均??(jun)非??(fei)某??(mou)些??(xie)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)所??(suo)稱??(cheng)土?(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的??(de)廣??(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國(guó)??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為??(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地?(di)理??(li)學(xué)??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)下??(xia)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國(guó)??(guo)”??。
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