三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報(bào)道
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夏??(xia)商??(shang)是??(shi)我??(wo)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上??(shang)最??(zui)早??(zao)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的??(de)??，有??(you)別??(bie)于??(yu)酋??(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國??(guo)的??(de)兩??(liang)個(gè)?(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??。??夏?(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步?(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明?(ming)時(shí)??(shi)代??(dai)??，是??(shi)無??(wu)可?(ke)爭??(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)??。然??(ran)而??(er)??，在??(zai)部?(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來??(lai)的?(de)夏??(xia)商?(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政??(zheng)體??(ti)制??(zhi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，文??(wen)獻(xiàn)??(xian)和??(he)卜??(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱??(cheng)作??(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑??(yi)商??(shang)???！渡??(shang)書??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓??(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)遏??(e)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率?(lv)割??(ge)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)??。”《史??(shi)記??(ji)·殷??(yin)本?(ben)紀(jì)??(ji)》則??(ze)說?(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)奪?(duo)夏?(xia)國??(guo)??。”在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)心??(xin)目??(mu)中??(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦??(yi)即??(ji)夏??(xia)國??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國??(guo)語??(yu)·周??(zhou)語??(yu)上??(shang)》說??(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭?(jie)而??(er)夏??(xia)亡??(wang)???！毕?(xia)商?(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常?(chang)處??(chu)于??(yu)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政?(zheng)治??(zhi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)遷?(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)??。張??(zhang)衡?(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦?(fu)》說??(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷??(qian)??，前??(qian)八??(ba)后??(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常?(chang)厥??(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·盤??(pan)庚??(geng)》篇??(pian)也??(ye)謂??(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于??(yu)今??(jin)五??(wu)邦??(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來??(lai)??，商??(shang)邑??(yi)就??(jiu)等?(deng)同??(tong)于?(yu)商?(shang)邦??(bang)??，所??(suo)以?(yi)武??(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂?(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野??(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周??(zhou)人??(ren)攻??(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都??(dou)而??(er)商??(shang)朝??(chao)滅??(mie)亡??(wang)??。正??(zheng)因??(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商??(shang)國??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)制??(zhi)度??(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃??(nong)厚??(hou)的??(de)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘??(can)余??(yu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)夏??(xia)商??(shang)時(shí)??(shi)期??(qi)的?(de)國??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)??(tai)和??(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈?(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯??(xian)的??(de)原??(yuan)始??(shi)性??(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性秘(xing)??。由??(you)于??(yu)地??(di)廣??(guang)人??(ren)稀??(xi)??，國??(guo)土?(tu)狹??(xia)小??(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)仍??(reng)只?(zhi)是??(shi)王??(wang)國?(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)長?(chang)??，而??(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯??(hou)之??(zhi)君??(jun)??。夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)對??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下??(xia)方??(fang)國??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行??(xing)使??(shi)的?(de)權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)非??(fei)常??(chang)有??(you)限??(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定??(ding)??。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)文??(wen)化?(hua)的?(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以??(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)夏??(xia)王??(wang)國??(guo)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存??(cun)??。東??(dong)下??(xia)馮??(feng)、楊??(yang)莊?(zhuang)、下??(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和??(he)牛??(niu)角?(jiao)崗??(gang)類??(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)文??(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的??(de)共??(gong)同??(tong)體??(ti)??，但??(dan)地??(di)方??(fang)類??(lei)型??(xing)和??(he)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)??(guan)系?(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊??(jin)密??(mi)到??(dao)什??(shen)么??(me)程??(cheng)度??(du)??，我??(wo)們??(men)無??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)??。顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，夏??(xia)商??(shang)均??(jun)非??(fei)某??(mou)些??(xie)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)所??(suo)稱??(cheng)土??(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的??(de)廣??(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為??(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學(xué)??(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)下??(xia)的?(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”???！ 〗??(jin)年?(nian)來??(lai)??，“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國?(guo)”是??(shi)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)使??(shi)用??(yong)較??(jiao)為??(wei)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)且??(qie)爭?(zheng)議??(yi)較?(jiao)大??(da)的??(de)語??(yu)匯??(hui)??。??分??(fen)歧??(qi)的?(de)主??(zhu)要??(yao)原??(yuan)因??(yin)在??(zai)于??(yu)考??(kao)古?(gu)學(xué)?(xue)者??(zhe)對??(dui)“最?(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”關(guān)??(guan)注??(zhu)的??(de)角?(jiao)度秘(du)和??(he)使??(shi)用??(yong)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)差??(cha)異??(yi)明??(ming)顯?(xian)??。目??(mu)前??(qian)對??(dui)應(yīng)??(ying)考?(kao)古??(gu)資??(zi)料?(liao)??，中??(zhong)國??(guo)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)對??(dui)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”概??(gai)念??(nian)的??(de)理??(li)解??(jie)仍??(reng)存??(cun)在??(zai)較??(jiao)大??(da)分??(fen)歧??(qi)??。比?(bi)如??(ru)??，孫??(sun)慶??(qing)偉??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，從??(cong)何??(he)尊??(zun)銘??(ming)文??(wen)“宅??(zhai)茲??(zi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”出??(chu)發(fā)??(fa)??，追??(zhui)溯??(su)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??，必??(bi)須??(xu)回?(hui)歸??(gui)到??(dao)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)和?(he)文??(wen)化??(hua)層??(ceng)面??(mian)來??(lai)思??(si)考??(kao)??，必??(bi)須??(xu)圍??(wei)繞??(rao)中??(zhong)原??(yuan)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)這?(zhe)個(gè)?(ge)核??(he)心??(xin)來??(lai)探??(tan)討??(tao)??。所??(suo)謂??(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??，實(shí)??(shi)際??(ji)上??(shang)就??(jiu)是??(shi)中?(zhong)原??(yuan)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)最??(zui)早??(zao)凸??(tu)顯?(xian)??。黃??(huang)帝??(di)及??(ji)其??(qi)部??(bu)落??(luo)的??(de)誕??(dan)生??(sheng)代??(dai)表??(biao)了??(le)華??(hua)夏??(xia)文??(wen)明??(ming)的??(de)最?(zui)初?(chu)自??(zi)覺??(jiao)??，標(biāo)??(biao)志??(zhi)著??(zhe)“中??(zhong)國??(guo)”觀??(guan)念??(nian)的?(de)萌??(meng)芽??(ya)??，是??(shi)真??(zhen)正??(zheng)意??(yi)義??(yi)上??(shang)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??。張??(zhang)國??(guo)碩?(shuo)先??(xian)生??(sheng)則??(ze)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，探??(tan)討?(tao)何??(he)為?(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??，應(yīng)??(ying)具??(ju)備??(bei)位??(wei)于??(yu)黃?(huang)河??(he)流?(liu)域??(yu)、進(jìn)??(jin)入??(ru)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家?(jia)、文??(wen)化??(hua)地??(di)位??(wei)占??(zhan)據(jù)??(ju)優(yōu)??(you)勢??(shi)等??(deng)三??(san)項(xiàng)??(xiang)基??(ji)本??(ben)條??(tiao)件??(jian)??。綜??(zong)上??(shang)可?(ke)知??(zhi)??，“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”基??(ji)本??(ben)是??(shi)由??(you)考??(kao)古?(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)提??(ti)出??(chu)、使??(shi)用??(yong)并??(bing)在??(zai)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)界??(jie)長?(chang)期?(qi)聚??(ju)訟??(song)不??(bu)止??(zhi)???？?(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)對??(dui)“最??(zui)早?(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”關(guān)??(guan)注??(zhu)的??(de)角??(jiao)度??(du)和??(he)使??(shi)用?(yong)的??(de)標(biāo)??(biao)準(zhǔn)??(zhun)頗??(po)為??(wei)懸??(xuan)殊??(shu)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)得??(de)出??(chu)的??(de)結(jié)??(jie)論??(lun)??，自??(zi)然??(ran)也??(ye)各??(ge)不??(bu)相??(xiang)同??(tong)??。
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