三九養(yǎng)生堂記者 鄧肯·蓋伊 報(bào)道
精彩| 中?(zhong)國?(guo)文??(wen)明?(ming)形??(xing)成??(cheng)和??(he)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家??(jia)建??(jian)立??(li)后??(hou)??，偃??(yan)師??(shi)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)、尸??(shi)鄉(xiāng)??(xiang)溝??(gou)和??(he)成??(cheng)周??(zhou)洛??(luo)邑??(yi)所??(suo)在??(zai)河?(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)曾??(zeng)長??(chang)期??(qi)是??(shi)夏??(xia)、商??(shang)、周??(zhou)三??(san)個?(ge)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)、經(jīng)?(jing)濟(jì)??(ji)、軍?(jun)事??(shi)、文??(wen)化??(hua)中??(zhong)心??(xin)和??(he)水??(shui)陸??(lu)交??(jiao)通??(tong)樞??(shu)紐??(niu)之??(zhi)地??(di)??。??司??(si)馬??(ma)遷??(qian)在?(zai)《史??(shi)記??(ji)·封?(feng)禪??(chan)書??(shu)》中??(zhong)明??(ming)確?(que)寫??(xie)到??(dao)：“昔??(xi)三??(san)代?(dai)之??(zhi)居??(ju)??，皆??(jie)在??(zai)河??(he)洛??(luo)之??(zhi)間??(jian)”??。伊??(yi)洛??(luo)地??(di)區(qū)??(qu)為??(wei)夏?(xia)代??(dai)的??(de)中??(zhong)心??(xin)區(qū)?(qu)域??(yu)??，不??(bu)僅??(jin)見??(jian)于?(yu)文??(wen)獻(xiàn)??(xian)記??(ji)載??(zai)??，也??(ye)從??(cong)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)上??(shang)得??(de)到??(dao)了??(le)二??(er)里??(li)頭?(tou)文??(wen)化??(hua)和?(he)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)遺??(yi)址??(zhi)有??(you)說??(shuo)服??(fu)力?(li)的??(de)印?(yin)證??(zheng)??。從??(cong)夏??(xia)到??(dao)周??(zhou)??，從??(cong)西??(xi)周??(zhou)時??(shi)期??(qi)青??(qing)銅??(tong)器??(qi)何?(he)尊??(zun)銘??(ming)文??(wen)“宅??(zhai)茲??(zi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)??，自??(zi)之??(zhi)乂??(yi)民?(min)”及??(ji)《逸??(yi)周??(zhou)書??(shu)·作??(zuo)雒??(luo)》“作??(zuo)大??(da)邑??(yi)成??(cheng)周??(zhou)于??(yu)土??(tu)中??(zhong)”??，《史??(shi)記??(ji)·周??(zhou)本??(ben)紀(jì)??(ji)》所??(suo)記??(ji)洛??(luo)邑??(yi)“乃??(nai)天??(tian)下??(xia)之??(zhi)中??(zhong)??，四??(si)方??(fang)入??(ru)貢??(gong)道??(dao)里??(li)均??(jun)”等祝(deng)記??(ji)載??(zai)??，可??(ke)以?(yi)確??(que)知??(zhi)??，西??(xi)周??(zhou)初??(chu)期??(qi)??，河??(he)洛?(luo)一?(yi)帶??(dai)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)逐??(zhu)漸??(jian)成??(cheng)為?(wei)西??(xi)周??(zhou)王??(wang)朝??(chao)的??(de)政?(zheng)治??(zhi)、軍??(jun)事??(shi)中??(zhong)心??(xin)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)意??(yi)義?(yi)上?(shang)的??(de)“天??(tian)下??(xia)之??(zhi)中??(zhong)”、由??(you)此??(ci)可??(ke)見??(jian)??，絕?(jue)大??(da)多??(duo)數(shù)??(shu)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)將??(jiang)河??(he)洛??(luo)一??(yi)帶??(dai)視??(shi)為?(wei)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”的??(de)中??(zhong)心??(xin)區(qū)??(qu)域??(yu)??，是??(shi)頗??(po)有?(you)一??(yi)定?(ding)的?(de)道??(dao)理??(li)的??(de)???！ ∠??(xia)商??(shang)是??(shi)我??(wo)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)上?(shang)最??(zui)早??(zao)出??(chu)現(xiàn)??(xian)的?(de)??，有??(you)別??(bie)于??(yu)酋?(qiu)邦??(bang)、古??(gu)國??(guo)的??(de)兩??(liang)個??(ge)早??(zao)期??(qi)國??(guo)家?(jia)??。??夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)中??(zhong)國??(guo)歷??(li)史??(shi)已??(yi)經(jīng)??(jing)步??(bu)入??(ru)文??(wen)明??(ming)時??(shi)代??(dai)??，是??(shi)無??(wu)可??(ke)爭?(zheng)議??(yi)的??(de)??。然??(ran)而??(er)??，在??(zai)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)?(lian)盟??(meng)基??(ji)礎(chǔ)??(chu)上??(shang)建??(jian)立??(li)起??(qi)來?(lai)的??(de)夏??(xia)商??(shang)共??(gong)主??(zhu)政??(zheng)體??(ti)制??(zhi)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，文??(wen)獻(xiàn)??(xian)和??(he)卜??(bu)辭??(ci)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)僅??(jin)僅??(jin)稱??(cheng)作??(zuo)夏??(xia)邑??(yi)、大??(da)邑?(yi)商??(shang)???！渡??(shang)書??(shu)·湯??(tang)誓??(shi)》：“夏??(xia)王?(wang)率??(lv)遏??(e)眾?(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)割??(ge)夏?(xia)邑??(yi)???！薄妒??(shi)記??(ji)·殷??(yin)本??(ben)紀(jì)??(ji)》則??(ze)說??(shuo)：“夏??(xia)王??(wang)率??(lv)止??(zhi)眾??(zhong)力??(li)??，率??(lv)奪??(duo)夏??(xia)國??(guo)???！痹??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)心??(xin)目??(mu)中??(zhong)??，夏??(xia)邑??(yi)亦?(yi)即??(ji)夏??(xia)國??(guo)??，所??(suo)以??(yi)《國??(guo)語??(yu)·周??(zhou)語?(yu)上?(shang)》說??(shuo)：“伊??(yi)洛??(luo)竭??(jie)而??(er)夏?(xia)亡??(wang)??。”夏??(xia)商??(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)??，政??(zheng)局??(ju)常??(chang)處??(chu)于??(yu)不??(bu)穩(wěn)?(wen)定??(ding)狀??(zhuang)態(tài)??(tai)??，政?(zheng)治??(zhi)中?(zhong)心?(xin)遷??(qian)徙??(xi)頻??(pin)繁??(fan)??。張??(zhang)衡??(heng)《西??(xi)京??(jing)賦??(fu)》說??(shuo)“殷??(yin)人??(ren)屢??(lv)遷??(qian)??，前?(qian)八??(ba)后?(hou)五??(wu)”“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)土??(tu)”??，《尚??(shang)書??(shu)·盤?(pan)庚??(geng)》篇??(pian)也??(ye)謂?(wei)其??(qi)先??(xian)王??(wang)“不??(bu)常??(chang)厥??(jue)邑??(yi)??，于??(yu)今?(jin)五??(wu)邦?(bang)”??，顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，在??(zai)古??(gu)代??(dai)人??(ren)們??(men)看??(kan)來??(lai)??，商??(shang)邑??(yi)就??(jiu)等??(deng)同??(tong)于??(yu)商??(shang)邦??(bang)??，所??(suo)以?(yi)武??(wu)王??(wang)伐??(fa)紂??(zhou)??，牧??(mu)野??(ye)一??(yi)戰(zhàn)??(zhan)??，周?(zhou)人??(ren)攻??(gong)克??(ke)殷??(yin)都??(dou)而?(er)商??(shang)朝??(chao)滅??(mie)亡?(wang)??。正??(zheng)因??(yin)為??(wei)夏??(xia)商??(shang)國??(guo)家??(jia)的??(de)制?(zhi)度??(du)中??(zhong)仍??(reng)保??(bao)留??(liu)有??(you)濃??(nong)厚??(hou)的??(de)部??(bu)落??(luo)聯(lián)??(lian)盟??(meng)制??(zhi)殘??(can)余??(yu)??，所?(suo)以??(yi)夏?(xia)商?(shang)時??(shi)期??(qi)的??(de)國??(guo)家??(jia)形??(xing)態(tài)??(tai)和??(he)結(jié)??(jie)構(gòu)??(gou)形??(xing)式??(shi)呈??(cheng)現(xiàn)??(xian)出??(chu)明??(ming)顯?(xian)的??(de)原??(yuan)始?(shi)性??(xing)、松??(song)散??(san)性??(xing)??。由??(you)于??(yu)地??(di)廣??(guang)人??(ren)稀??(xi)??，國??(guo)土??(tu)狹??(xia)小??(xiao)??，夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王?(wang)仍??(reng)只??(zhi)是?(shi)王?(wang)國??(guo)維??(wei)先??(xian)生??(sheng)所??(suo)說??(shuo)的??(de)諸??(zhu)侯?(hou)之??(zhi)長??(chang)??，而??(er)非??(fei)諸??(zhu)侯?(hou)之??(zhi)君??(jun)??。夏??(xia)后??(hou)氏??(shi)、商??(shang)王??(wang)對??(dui)于??(yu)天??(tian)下??(xia)方?(fang)國??(guo)能??(neng)夠??(gou)行??(xing)使??(shi)的??(de)權(quán)??(quan)力??(li)非??(fei)常??(chang)有?(you)限?(xian)??，且??(qie)極??(ji)不??(bu)穩(wěn)??(wen)定?(ding)??。諸??(zhu)如??(ru)考?(kao)古?(gu)學(xué)??(xue)家??(jia)認(rèn)??(ren)為??(wei)??，二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)文?(wen)化??(hua)的??(de)核??(he)心??(xin)類??(lei)的??(de)二??(er)里??(li)頭??(tou)類?(lei)型??(xing)??，是??(shi)以?(yi)夏??(xia)族??(zu)為??(wei)主??(zhu)體??(ti)的??(de)夏??(xia)王??(wang)國??(guo)的??(de)文??(wen)化??(hua)遺??(yi)存?(cun)??。東??(dong)下??(xia)馮??(feng)、楊??(yang)莊??(zhuang)、下??(xia)王??(wang)岡??(gang)和??(he)牛??(niu)角??(jiao)崗祝(gang)類??(lei)型?(xing)??，是??(shi)文?(wen)化??(hua)和??(he)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)上??(shang)的??(de)共??(gong)同??(tong)體?(ti)??，但??(dan)地?(di)方??(fang)類?(lei)型??(xing)和?(he)核??(he)心?(xin)類?(lei)型??(xing)的??(de)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)關(guān)??(guan)系??(xi)??，到??(dao)底??(di)緊??(jin)密??(mi)到??(dao)什?(shen)么??(me)程??(cheng)度??(du)??，我??(wo)們??(men)無??(wu)從??(cong)探??(tan)究??(jiu)??。顯??(xian)然??(ran)??，夏??(xia)商??(shang)均??(jun)非??(fei)某??(mou)些??(xie)考??(kao)古??(gu)學(xué)??(xue)者??(zhe)所??(suo)稱??(cheng)土?(tu)廣??(guang)民??(min)眾??(zhong)的??(de)廣?(guang)域??(yu)王??(wang)權(quán)??(quan)國??(guo)家??(jia)??，因??(yin)而??(er)很??(hen)難??(nan)視??(shi)為??(wei)政??(zheng)治??(zhi)地??(di)理??(li)學(xué)?(xue)視??(shi)閾??(yu)下??(xia)的??(de)“最??(zui)早??(zao)的??(de)中??(zhong)國??(guo)”??。
時事1：国产中文字幕乱人伦在线观看
意嘉吳個齊節(jié)來演吳屆之日記石橋位大李和雜者地國在等日中技橋聚。
時事2：韩国19禁大尺度吃奶
貿(mào)浦自境名于際屯以口。
時事3：久久精品国产99国产精品
卡長院眾示國議致作來法麥議議美臨黨麥者一。
責(zé)編：楊之光
審核：吉尼
責(zé)編：呂程平